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Abstract

Background Fecal incontinence (FI) in children is a challenging condition with significant impacts on quality of life (QoL). Multiple therapeutic approaches, including neuromodulation techniques such as sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), biofeedback therapy, botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, and transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation (TFES), have been explored. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy and safety of these interventions in pediatric patients. Methods A thorough investigation was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases up to February 2025. Studies assessing the effectiveness and safety of SNS, biofeedback, Botox injections, and other interventions in pediatric FI were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results A total of 12 studies were included, comprising RCTs and observational cohort studies. Biofeedback therapy demonstrated consistent improvements in incontinence scores, anorectal pressures, and QoL. SNS was effective in refractory cases but was linked to an increased incidence of complications. Botox injections showed promising short-term benefits, particularly in Hirschsprung’s disease, while TFES exhibited potential as a noninvasive alternative. Comparisons between interventions highlighted the need for individualized treatment selection based on patient characteristics and response to initial therapy. Conclusion Neuromodulation techniques and adjunctive therapies provide effective management options for pediatric FI. Biofeedback and TFES serve as viable first-line therapies, while SNS and Botox injections are effective in refractory cases. Further high-quality, long-term studies are needed to refine treatment algorithms and optimize patient outcomes.

Article Type

Review

Subject Area

Physical Therapy

IRB Number

HS000139

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License.

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